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Evaluation of Space Efficiency, Structural Systems, Material Applications, and Design of High-rise Structures in South Korea
Kurt Orkun Aktaş 1,
Ajda Zaim 2,
Özlem Nur Aslantamer 2,
Gözen Güner Aktaş 3 and
Hüseyin Emre Ilgın 4,*
1
Department of Interior Architecture and Environmental Design, Faculty of Fine Arts, Kırıkkale University, Kırıkkale, Turkey
2
Department of Interior Architecture and Environmental Design, Faculty of Art, Design and Architecture, Atılım University, Ankara, Turkey
3
Department of Interior Architecture and Environmental Design, Faculty of Fine Arts, Design and Architecture, Başkent University, Ankara, Turkey
4
School of Architecture, Faculty of Built Environment, Tampere University, 33720 Tampere, Finland
*
For correspondence.
Academic Editor:
Received: 11 July 2025 Accepted: 11 November 2025 Published: 26 November 2025
Abstract
This study examines 61 South Korean towers, analyzing their architectural configurations, structural systems, material applications, and spatial efficiencies. Findings indicate a predominance of central core configurations and prismatic forms, reinforcing a function-driven approach to vertical urbanism. Structural system preferences highlight the widespread use of outriggered frames, ensuring lateral stability while optimizing floor layouts. Material selection trends reveal a reliance on concrete, aligning with global patterns, while composite materials (25%) are used in high-performance supertall structures. Functionally, residential high-rises dominate, with mixed-use (2%) and office towers (11%) remaining limited. This research also identifies an average spatial efficiency of 76%, aligning with international benchmarks, though variations exist across cities due to core-to-gross floor area ratios, structural constraints, and service core allocations. This research underscores South Korea’s strategic high-rise development, prioritizing space optimization, structural efficiency, and economic feasibility. However, opportunities remain for increased functional diversity, broader hybrid material adoption, and greater integration of sustainable design innovations. These findings contribute to global skyscraper analysis, offering insights into high-rise architecture’s role in urban resilience and density management.
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Keywords
high-rise buildings; architectural design considerations; structural design considerations; space efficiency; South Korea
Copyright © 2025
Aktaş et al. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use and distribution provided that the original work is properly cited.
Funding
This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
Cite this Article
Aktaş, K. O., Zaim, A., Aslantamer, Ö. N., Aktaş, G. G., & Ilgın, H. E. (2025). Evaluation of Space Efficiency, Structural Systems, Material Applications, and Design of High-rise Structures in South Korea. Highlights of Sustainability, 4(4), 256–284. https://doi.org/10.54175/hsustain4040016
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